Rochester Method:
(Secada, 1984)

• Simultaneous production of speech and fingerspelling
• Fingerspelling involves manually spelling each word, as it is spoken, using 26 configurations of the hands that represent the letters of the alphabet

Total Communication (T.C.):
(Secada, 1984)

• Typically incorporates development of all communication modes, as appropriate
• Involves a less strict match between the oral and sign modalities
• Syntax may follow English, American Sign Language, or a mixture of the two
• Morphemes, words, or higher linguistic units may be found in one production stream and be omitted from the other

Signing Exact English (S.E.E.):
(Secada, 1984)

• Simultaneous production of speech and a mixture of signs and fingerspelling
• English syntax is maintained (sign production parallels speech)
• Signs are supplemented by fingerspelling of prefixes, suffixes, and other markers to obtain a one-to-one match between the morphemes in speech and in sign

* All of these options typically incorporate features from oral programs such as lipreading and residual hearing.

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